The German Anschreiben is the most formally specified cover letter in Europe. Its layout is standardised — DIN 5008 describes where the sender block, the recipient address, the date and the subject line sit on the page — and employers still read a badly laid-out letter as a signal about how you work. One A4 page is a hard limit: a two-page Anschreiben is not read as thoroughness.
The structure that follows the layout is equally settled. A bold subject line names the position and, where the advert has one, the reference number. The greeting is formal and, whenever possible, personal: 'Sehr geehrte Frau Alvarez,' for a named woman, 'Sehr geehrter Herr Alvarez,' for a named man, and 'Sehr geehrte Damen und Herren,' only when no name can be found. The register is Sie throughout — no contractions, no jokes in the first paragraph, no superlatives.
Two German particularities trip up applicants from other markets. Salary expectations (Gehaltsvorstellung) and the earliest start date (frühester Eintrittstermin) are included only when the advert asks for them; volunteering a number that was not requested is read as either naive or pushy. And the letter never carries the photograph — in Germany the photo, if one is included at all, belongs on the Lebenslauf, and under the AGG an employer may not require it.